Food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender during the COVID-19 lockdown in Chilean workers / Patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos según género durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en trabajadores chilenos

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demands that workers face regarding household food-related tasks, such as grocery shopping and cooking. The literature shows that there are differences in these demands by gender, but also based on other sociodemographic characteristics, such as schooling level. The aim of this study was to compare food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender in Chilean workers, before the COVID-19 lockdown and during the first six weeks of lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, and data was collected for the first wave of a multi-country study in April 2020. The sample was composed of 317 participants who were employed during lockdown (67.8% women, mean age of 38.14). Participants answered sociodemographic questions and reported their food purchasing and preparing practices before and during lockdown. Analysis of comparison of proportions was used. On average, during lockdown, men increased their involvement in grocery shopping while women cooked more. Overall, female workers have turned to food-related tasks more often during the pandemic than male workers. This study shows the extent to which workers have changed their degree of involvement in food-related tasks, accounting for conditions such as gender roles, schooling level and working from home. These findings can inform interventions and policies that reinforce advantageous changes brought on by lockdown measures (e.g., home-cooking) to contribute to workers' and their families' food-related well-being during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las demandas que enfrentan los trabajadores con respecto a su alimentación, como comprar alimentos y cocinar. Estudios muestran diferencias de género en estas demandas, pero también según características sociodemográficas como el nivel de escolaridad. Este estudio comparó patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos por género en trabajadores chilenos, antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Este estudio es de corte transversal y utilizó datos de la primera ola de un estudio multinacional realizado en abril de 2020. La muestra fue 317 participantes que tenían trabajo durante el confinamiento (67.8 % mujeres, edad promedio de 38.14). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y reportaron sus prácticas de compra y preparación de alimentos antes y durante el confinamiento. Se utilizó el análisis de comparación de proporciones. Durante el confinamiento, los hombres realizaron más compras de alimentos y las mujeres cocinaron más. Las mujeres se dedicaron a tareas relacionadas con la alimentación con más frecuencia durante la pandemia que los hombres. Este estudio muestra que personas trabajadoras han cambiado su nivel de involucramiento en tareas de alimentación durante la pandemia, tomando en cuenta condiciones como los roles de género, escolaridad y teletrabajo. Estos hallazgos pueden guiar intervenciones y políticas que refuercen ventajas derivadas de las medidas de confinamiento (e.g., cocinar en casa), para contribuir al bienestar alimentario de personas trabajadoras y sus familias durante y después de la pandemia.

Impact of Cooking Conditions on Proximate Composition and Textural Properties of Chicken Breast Meat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cooking conditions on proximate composition and textural properties (cohesiveness and chewiness) of chicken breast meat. Eight packs of industrial skinless chicken breast meat were cooked by air frying (AF), baking (BK), deep fat frying (DF) and grilling (GR) at 170, 180 and 190oC for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min. The chicken breast packs were frozen and sliced into dimensions, thawed, cooked and analysed by a two way analysis of variance. The results revealed that cooking methods significantly (p < 0.05) decreased moisture and protein contents from 75.14 to 58.25 % and 89.17 to 82.98 %, but increased fat content from 4.26 to 7.78 %, ash content from 1.95 to 2.39 %, carbohydrate content from 4.63 to 6.95 %, cohesiveness content from 0.40 to 0.52 and chewiness value from 3.63 to 6.05 kg. An increases in cooking temperatures and times decreased moisture content from 60.58 to 56.34 % and 75.14 to 47.40 % and protein content from 83.77 to 82.11 % and 89.17 to 79.45 %. Similarly, increases in cooking temperatures and times significantly (p < 0.05) increased fat content from 7.00 to 8.44 % and 4.26 to 10.12 %, ash content from 2.15 % to 2.59 % and 1.95 to 2.67 %. This study showed that increases in cooking temperatures decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05) carbohydrate content from 7.02 to 6.92 %, but increases in cooking times increased carbohydrate content from 4.63 to 7.76 %. An increases in cooking temperatures and times increased cohesiveness content from 0.50 to 0.54 and 0.40 to 0.63, chewiness value from 5.50 to 6.77 kg and 3.63 to 8.54 kg, respectively. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in chewiness values of samples cooked by AF and GR methods. The best cooking method/ temperature / time for low nutrient losses was BK, 170oC and 4 min

Oficina culinária como estratégia didático-pedagógica interdisciplinar na formação do nutricionista / Culinary workshop as an interdisciplinary didactic-pedagogic strategy in the training of nutritionists

Os objetivos deste estudo foram relatar a experiência da utilização de oficinas culinárias como estratégia didático-pedagógica na disciplina de educação nutricional, e analisar as percepções dos estudantes quanto à interdisciplinaridade e aplicabilidade na atuação profissional, pela análise de conteúdo temática. Este é um relato de experiência da utilização de oficinas culinárias durante a disciplina de Educação Nutricional no curso de nutrição de uma universidade pública. Foram quantificados os tipos de receitas selecionadas e seus respectivos princípios dietéticos e/ou dietoterápicos. Identificamos que 80% das receitas selecionadas priorizavam o conteúdo de nutrientes dos ingredientes como princípio dietético/dietoterápico e somente 20% consideraram aspectos sensoriais e culturais. Na análise qualitativa, foram identificados três eixos temáticos: (1) O olhar do estudante sobre a oficina culinária; (2) O aprendizado da oficina culinária para sua prática profissional; (3) A racionalização da alimentação. A oficina foi considerada uma experiência inovadora e enriquecedora para a formação acadêmica, principalmente pela interdisciplinaridade. Conclui-se que o uso de oficinas culinárias como estratégia didático-pedagógica interdisciplinar nos cursos de Nutrição pode trazer benefícios na formação dos futuros nutricionistas (AU)

The objectives of this study were to report the experience of using culinary workshops as a didactic-pedagogical strategy in the nutrition education discipline, and analyze the students' perceptions regarding interdisciplinarity and applicability in their professional practices through thematic-content analysis. This is an experience report on the use of culinary workshops during the nutritional education discipline in the nutrition course of a public university. The types of recipes selected and their respective dietetic/diet therapy principles were quantified. We found that 80% of the selected recipes were based on the nutritional composition of foods and only 20% considered sensory and cultural aspects. In the qualitative analysis, 3 thematic axes were identified: (1) The student's perception of the culinary workshop; (2) The learning in the culinary workshop for their professional practice; (3) The rationalization of food. The workshop was considered an innovative and enriching experience for academic training, mainly due to its interdisciplinarity. It is concluded that the use of culinary workshops as an interdisciplinary didactic-pedagogical strategy in Nutrition courses can bring benefits to the training of future nutritionists (AU).

To Study the Effect of Interventions to Reduce the Indoor Air Pollution in Asthmatic Children of Rural India

Background: Around 2.6 billion people cook their food using biomass fuel (BMF), kerosene oil, and coal fuel, by which each year, 4 million people die prematurely from household air pollution or by this inefficient cooking practices. So, this study was planned to measure the effect of interventions of cooking fuel (BMF to LPG) to reduce the indoor air pollution in asthmatic children of rural India. Methods: Prospective observational study was done by door-to-door survey, among school-age children. Households of asthmatic children were encouraged to change their cooking fuel to more secure and were followed up for a period of 9 months. The intervention was in the form of a change of cooking fuel (from BMF to LPG) and proper education. The levels of indoor pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) were measured before and after 3 months of follow-up. Result: A total of 56 asthmatic children from 42 households were followed-up for the following 9 months at every 3 months visit. The mean age was 9.27 ± 3.94 years with an equivalent sex ratio. There was at least one smoker in 73.81% of households of asthmatic children. Nearly, 45% of children were living in 101–500 square yard area and 67.86% with the inhabitation of ? 3/room. The level of all particulate matter decreased significantly at 3 months (p < 0.05). At 3, 6, 9 months of follow-up, respiratory symptoms and morbidity significantly diminished. Conclusion: The change in cooking fuel to more secure was found to be one of the factors decreasing indoor pollutants and respiratory symptoms/morbidity among asthmatic children in rural areas.

Response of early-cycle common bean cultivars with carioca, black and speckled grains to top-dressing nitrogen fertilization

The aim was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative attributes of early-cycle common bean cultivars with different grains types grains in response to top-dressing nitrogen (N) doses. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme, with 4 replicates. The plots consisted of the cultivars IAC Nuance, IAC 1849 Polaco and IAC Veloz, with speckled, Carioca and black grains, respectively. The subplots were formed by N doses applied as top-dressing: 0 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 (applied in the stage of third trifoliate leaf), 120 kg ha-1 (1/2 applied at third trifoliate leaf stage + 1/2 applied at the floral bud stage) and 180 kg ha-1 (1/3 applied at the first trifoliate leaf stage + 1/3 applied at the third trifoliate leaf stage + 1/3 applied at the floral bud stage). IAC Veloz stood out for grain yield, showing the highest grain yield in the lowest N doses, being classified as efficient to the use of N. The cultivars IAC Nuance and IAC 1849 Polaco reached maximum yields with 155 and 163 kg ha-1 of N. The IAC Nuance was the most responsive, increasing grain yield by up to 25.3% due to nitrogen fertilization. Increasing N doses applied as top-dressing increased the sieve yield and crude protein content of the common bean cultivars, with IAC Nuance standing out. The cultivars showed good grain quality, and IAC 1849 Polaco and IAC Veloz had the shortest cooking time and IAC Veloz also had the fastest hydration.

Adaptação de receitas culinárias de um programa de intervenção em habilidades culinárias para indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2: um estudo de viabilidade / Culinary recipes adaptation to a cooking skills intervention program for individuals with type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study

Introdução: Hábitos alimentares saudáveis e habilidades culinárias podem contribuir no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Objetivo: Este estudo visou adaptar nutricionalmente, testar e avaliar qualitativamente as características sensoriais de receitas culinárias para sua aplicação em um programa de intervenção culinária para indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2, denominado Nutrição e Culinária na Cozinha. Método: O programa Nutrição e Culinária na Cozinha é uma intervenção com oficinas culinárias práticas focadas na promoção das habilidades culinárias. As modificações das receitas foram baseadas no índice glicêmico dos ingredientes, depois testadas e discutidas por especialistas em nutrição por meio de oficinas de consenso. Realizaram-se grupos focais com indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2 para avaliar e discutir as características sensoriais das receitas culinárias. Resultados: As adaptações das receitas para atender à população com diabetes tipo 2 incluíram a substituição de arroz por couve-flor e macarrão por abobrinha, além do uso de frutas e especiarias em receitas doces em substituição a ingredientes com açúcares de adição e/ou edulcorantes Essas mudanças foram aprovadas pelos indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2. Conclusão: As receitas culinárias adaptadas poderão ser utilizadas em orientações dietéticas e em intervenções culinárias para promover hábitos alimentares que contribuam para o controle glicêmico.

Introduction: Healthy eating habits and cooking skills can contribute to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: This study aimed to adapt, test, and qualitatively evaluate the sensory characteristics of food recipes for their application in a culinary intervention program for individuals with type 2 diabetes, called Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen. Methods: Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen is an intervention program with hands-on cooking classes focused on promoting cooking skills. Recipes' modifications were based on the glycemic index of ingredients, then tested and discussed by nutrition experts in consensus workshops. Individuals with type 2 diabetes assessed and discussed the sensory characteristics of recipes in focus groups. Results: Recipes adaptations to suit type 2 diabetes population included replacement of rice by cauliflower and pasta by zucchini, and the use of fruits and spices in sweet recipes instead of using added sugar ingredients and/or non-caloric sweeteners. Those changes were positively accepted by the individuals with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The adapted culinary recipes can be used in dietary guidelines and in cooking interventions to promote eating habits that contribute to glycemic control.

Cozinhando mudanças: o ato de cozinhar como ferramenta de enfrentamento aos desafios do Antropoceno / Cooking up changes: the act of cooking as a tool for facing the challenges of the Anthropocene

Resumo O ato de cozinhar engloba dimensões culturais, ambientais, sociais, econômicas e políticas, bem como compõe as atividades contidas em um sistema alimentar, sendo uma ação promotora de diálogos e transformações. Este estudo objetiva descrever e analisar elementos cotidianos relacionados ao cozinhar e suas relações com o sistema alimentar, a partir da experiência de um grupo de mulheres agricultoras urbanas da zona leste da cidade de São Paulo. Foram utilizados os mapas corporais narrados, método de pesquisa visual criativo no qual, por meio da realização do desenho dos contornos corporais dos participantes, foram produzidos dados visuais e orais sobre os significados do ato de cozinhar. Participaram do estudo sete mulheres, que desenvolvem ações relacionadas à agricultura e ao cozinhar. Os dados gerados foram analisados por meio de análise temática. O ato de cozinhar se mostrou como um conector do campo à mesa, fortalecendo e sendo fortalecido pelas práticas da agricultura urbana e periurbana, sendo uma interessante ferramenta para promover saúde, contemplando o bem-estar biopsicossocial em consonância com questões de sustentabilidade social, econômica e ambiental. Compreender tal conexão possibilita apoiar políticas públicas para a promoção de sistemas alimentares sustentáveis e o enfrentamento aos desafios do antropoceno.

Abstract Cooking encompasses cultural, environmental, social, economic, and political dimensions, as well as composes the activities contained in a food system and promoting dialogues and transformations. This study aims to describe and to analyze everyday elements related to cooking and its relationship with the food system based on the experience of a group of female urban farmers in the east side of the city of São Paulo. Body-map storytelling was used, a creative visual research method, in which, by drawing the participant's body contours, visual and oral data were produced on the meanings of cooking. Seven women participated in this study, who develop actions related to agriculture and cooking. The generated data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Cooking proved to be a connector from the field to the table, strengthening and being strengthened by the practices of urban and peri-urban farming, and is an interesting tool to promote health, contemplating biopsychosocial well-being in line with issues of social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Understanding this connection enables to support public policies to promote sustainable food systems and facing the challenges of the Anthropocene.

Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Concentration of Vitamin C in Cowpea Vegetable (Vigna unguiculata)

Background: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin widely distributed in nature, mostly rich in fresh fruits and green leafy vegetables. The amount of Vitamin C in a given food depends on soil condition, climate in their area of growth, storage condition after harvest, and methods of preparation. Much amount of Vitamin C in vegetables is lost during cooking and there are still limited information on the impact of different cooking methods on the vitamin C content in leafy vegetable like cowpea vegetable (Vigna unguiculata). It is upon this background that this study aimed to determine the concentration of Vitamin C in cowpea vegetable when cooked using different cooking methods. Methodology: Vitamin C concentration in a solution of cowpea vegetable cooked by different cooking methods (boiling, steaming and microwave methods) was determined by a redox titration using iodine in the presence of starch indicator. This was conducted at Busitema University, Faculty of Science and Education, Biology Laboratory in Uganda. Results: The study revealed that cooking cowpea vegetable using microwave yields the highest concentration of vitamin C (154.8 mg/L), followed by steaming (142.9 mg/L) and boiling yielding the least concentration of vitamin C (130.4 mg/L). Conclusion: The concentration of vitamin C obtained by the three methods of cooking cowpea vegetable has shown that microwaving method of cooking yields the highest concentration of vitamin C followed by steaming method and finally boiling. Further studies should be done to explain the variation of vitamin C concentration in cowpea vegetable when cooked using the above cooking methods. Similar studies should be conducted on other leafy vegetables which are potential sources of Vitamin C.

Effect of Cooking on Physicochemical and Microstructural Properties of Chicken Breast Meat

The effect of cooking on pH, juiciness, instrumental colour and microstructural properties of chicken breast meat was investigated. Industrial skinless chicken breast meat samples were purchased, frozen and sliced into dimensions , thawed and cooked by air frying (AF), baking (BK), deep fat frying (DF) and grilling (GR) at 170, 180 and 1900C for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min. The pH value of the cooked samples increased from 6.05 to 6.25. Cooking methods, temperatures and times each resulted to increase in pH. The results of objective sensory instrumental analyses showed that cooking decreased significantly (p < 0.05) juiciness of cooked chicken breast meat. Samples cooked by BK had the highest juiciness value of 24.91%, while DF cooked samples had the least value of 13.89%.The instrumental analyses increased L*, a*, b* values and browning index. The temperature and time of cooking showed similar effects on juiciness and instrumental colour. Short cooking time (8 min) and 1700C resulted in higher juiciness and best appetizing appearance to the consumers. The microstructure studies showed that raw chicken breast meat had an intact muscle fibres and bundles, but cooking caused disintegration of muscle fibres, perimysial – collagen shrinkage and it resulted to drier samples with big cracks/ voids and big surface damages, particularly in AF, BK and GR cooked products at 1900C for 8 min.

Acceptance of Low-Sodium Hospital Diet by Cardiac Patients: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of hospitalization. Dietary salt restriction is indicated as part of clinical treatment, however, it is not always well accepted by the patients, resulting in low food intake and malnutrition. Objective To compare acceptance of a low-sodium diet cooked with salt with a standard low-sodium diet in cardiac inpatients. Methods A randomized controlled crossover trial in patients with low-sodium diet prescriptions (Clinical Trials NCT03481322). Patients were given a control standard low sodium diet (cooked without salt; salt [2g per meal] added by the patient at the time of consumption) on one day and on the next day patients were given the intervention diet - a low sodium diet cooked with salt (2 grams of salt, divided between preparations). Dietary acceptance was evaluated by weighing leftover food and calculating intake. A questionnaire was used to verify reasons that influenced acceptance. For data analysis, parametric data are presented as mean and standard deviation, Student's t test was used to compare means, with significance defined as p<0.05. Results Sixty-four patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 66 ± 11.3 years; 64% were male. There were no differences in percentage acceptance between the standard low-sodium diet and the low-sodium diet cooked with salt at lunch (p= 0.876) or at dinner (p= 0.255). Around 80% of what was offered at each meal was consumed by the patients, with no significant difference between groups. Conclusions The low-sodium diet cooked with salt was well accepted, but there was no difference when compared with the standard low-sodium diet, which also had adequate acceptance.

Physicochemical characterization and consumer preference of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties grown in Costa Rica / Caracterización fisicoquímica y de preferencia sensorial en variedades de Arroz (Oryza sativa) de Costa Rica

Introduction: Rice is a staple food in Costa Rica representing almost 24 % of the total calorie intake in the diet. Consumers have become more quality conscious about the rice consumed, so producers need to focus on the quality of rice along with production. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical profile and consumer preference of five Costa Rican rice varieties: Palmar 18, Basmatico, Chin Chin, INTA-Miravalles, and CR- 5272. Materials and methods: Proximate analysis, amylose, and mineral content were performed in the raw grain. Two different sessions were performed (n=120 each) to evaluate consumer preference measurements using the John Brown R-Index (RJB) index. The first sensory panel selected the best cooking preparation and the second, the preferred rice variety. Instrumental color measurements (L*, C*, hº, DE) were applied to the cooked rice varieties (76-96ºC for 38 min). Results: Regarding the physicochemical characterization, INTAMiravalles showed the highest protein content (8.2%), while Basmatico and Chin Chin, the lowest. Four varieties presented high amylose content (AC) and INTA-Miravalles reported an intermediate AC. The mineral content varied among varieties. INTA-Miravalles showed the highest N, followed by Palmar 18. The cooking preparation from the regulatory agency was preferred by consumers. The consumers' preference of the varieties ranked from high to low: Basmatico>Chin Chin=CR5772>Palmar 18=INTA-Miravalles. Conclusions: This study suggests that consumer preference for cooked rice was influenced by physicochemical characteristics such as protein, AC, mineral content, and aromatic attributes. Consumer acceptance is an important factor to consider when new varieties are developed. The water-to-rice ratio during cooking played an important role in cooked rice sensory quality(AU)

Introducción: el arroz es un alimento básico de consumo en Costa Rica que representa casi el 24% de la ingesta total de calorías en la dieta. Los consumidores se han vuelto más conscientes de la calidad del arroz que consumen, por lo que los productores deben enfocar esfuerzos en la calidad y producción del arroz. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el perfil fisicoquímico y la preferencia del consumidor de cinco variedades de arroz de Costa Rica: Palmar 18, Basmatico, Chin Chin, INTA-Miravalles y CR-5272. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó el análisis proximal, contenido de amilosa (CA) y de minerales en el grano crudo y color instrumental en el arroz cocido. Se realizaron dos mediciones de preferencia de los consumidores (n=120) utilizando el índice R de James Brown (RJB). En la primera se seleccionó el mejor método de preparación y en la segunda, la variedad de arroz preferido. El color instrumental (L*, C*, hº, DE) se midió a las variedades de arroz cocinado (76-96ºC por 38 min). Resultados: Miravalles mostró el mayor contenido en proteínas (8,2%), mientras que Basmatico y Chin Chin, el menor. Cuatro variedades presentaron un alto CA y el INTAMiravalles reportó un CA intermedio. El contenido mineral varió entre las variedades. INTA-Miravalles mostró el mayor contenido de nitrógeno, seguido de Palmar 18. El método de cocción del ente regulador fue el preferido por los consumidores. La preferencia de los consumidores por las variedades de mayor a menor fue: Basmatico > Chin Chin = CR5772 > Palmar 18 = INTA-Miravalles. Conclusiones: La preferencia de los consumidores por el arroz cocido se vio influenciada por características fisicoquímicas como proteína, CA, minerales y atributos aromáticos. La aceptación de los consumidores es un factor importante cuando se desarrollan nuevas variedades. La relación agua/ arroz durante la cocción desempeñó un papel importante en la calidad del arroz cocido(AU)

Effect of Household Cooking Fuel and Breastfeeding on Infant Growth: Findings from the National Family Health Survey-4, India.

Objective: Malnutrition is a critical public health concern in India. We aimed to understand the prevalence of stunting and its association between cooking fuel type and breastfeeding among Indian infants (? 6 months of age). Methods: This study used information from a National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS) conducted between 2015 and 2016. From all eligible infants, information on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was obtained. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to examine the factors associated with stunted children. Results: Of the 15,120 infants, the median (Inter Quartile Range) age was 4 (2-5) months with a female/male ratio of 1:1.06. The prevalence of polluting fuel use and stunting was 68.10% and 20.13% respectively. Stunting among polluting fuel and clean fuel was 22.17% and 15.78%. Stunting among exclusive breastfed and not exclusive breastfed was 20.62% and 19.53%. In adjusted analysis, households using clean fuel (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.75; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.66-0.86) had lower odds of infants being stunted compared to polluting fuel. A infant currently being breastfed (aOR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93) had lower odds of being stunted than infants currently not being breastfed. Conclusion: The present study indicates that polluting cooking fuel and not being breastfed was associated with an increased risk of infant being stunted. A community-based randomized control trial was required to study child and maternal health risks on polluting cooking fuel. Furthermore, the study highlights the urgent need to raise awareness on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding practices.

Falta de habilidades culinárias é obstáculo para adolescentes terem uma alimentação saudável? / Is the lack of culinary skills an obstacle for teenagers to eat healthy?

O desenvolvimento de habilidades culinárias tem sido apontado como importante fator associado à melhor qualidade da alimentação e a diminuição da transmissão dessas habilidades entre gerações tem favorecido o maior consumo de produtos ultraprocessados. No entanto, ainda há escassez de estudos que avaliem as habilidades culinárias da população brasileira, e se ressalta que, até o momento, não foram encontrados estudos no Brasil que tenham avaliado tais habilidades em adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre habilidades culinárias autopercebidas e qualidade do consumo alimentar de adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de Itaqui/RS. Foram investigadas variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, habilidades culinárias autopercebidas e frequência semanal de 22 itens alimentares, a qual deu origem ao índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar. As médias (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar, de acordo com as habilidades culinárias autopercebidas, foram calculadas para toda a amostra e estratificadas por sexo, utilizando-se teste ANOVA ou Mann-Whitney. Calcularam-se IC95% e o nível de significância considerado foi de 5%. Observaram-se maiores médias (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar entre adolescentes do sexo feminino que relataram saber "escolher os alimentos" [59,99 (9,43)] (p=0,027), "temperar" [60,53 (9,58)] (p=0,0109), e "combinar ingredientes ou preparações" [61,14 (9,64)] (p=0,0051). Já no sexo masculino, maior média (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar foi observada entre adolescentes que referiram saber "lavar, descascar, cortar ou medir ingredientes" [(62,16 (10,69)] (p=0,0012). Ainda, observou-se associação positiva do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar com número de habilidades culinárias autopercebidas no sexo feminino (p de tendência=0,003). Este estudo evidenciou que maior número de habilidades culinárias autopercebidas pode estar associado a melhor qualidade no consumo alimentar de adolescentes.

The development of culinary skills has been identified as an important factor associated with better food quality, and the reduction in the transmission of these skills between generations has favored a greater consumption of ultra-processed products. However, there is still a lack of studies that assess the culinary skills of the Brazilian population, and it is noteworthy that, so far, no studies have been found in Brazil that have evaluated such skills in adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived culinary skills and the quality of food consumption in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with adolescents from public schools in Itaqui, RS. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, self-perceived cooking skills, and weekly frequency of 22 food items were investigated, which gave rise to the food consumption quality index. Means (SD) of the food consumption quality index, according to self-perceived cooking skills, were calculated for the entire sample and stratified by sex, using ANOVA or Mann- Whitney test. The 95%CI was calculated, and the significance level considered was 5%. Higher means (SD) of the food consumption quality index were observed among female adolescents who reported knowing how to "choose foods" [59.99 (9.43)] (p=0.027), "seasoning" [60, 53 (9.58)] (p=0.0109), and "combining ingredients or preparations" [61.14 (9.64)] (p=0.0051). Among males, the highest mean (SD) of the food consumption quality index was observed among adolescents who reported knowing how to "wash, peel, cut or measure ingredients" [(62.16 (10.69)] (p=0.0012). Furthermore, there was a positive association between the index of food consumption quality and the number of self-perceived culinary skills in females (p trend =0.003). This study showed that a greater number of self-perceived culiunary skills may be associated with better quality in adolescent food consumption.

Cooking autonomy: a multilevel conceptual model on healthy home cooking / Autonomía culinaria: un modelo multinivel conceptual sobre cocinar sano en el hogar / Autonomia culinária: um modelo conceitual multinível de culinária doméstica saudável

The empowerment of home cooking has been recently approached in the literature as pertaining to cooking skills and the capacity to overcome social, physical, and economic obstacles. However, thus far no studies have related the State's role in this important health-promoting home practice, namely healthy cooking. We aim to elaborate on the concept and develop a multilevel conceptual model of cooking autonomy (CMCA) in order to relate the State's role in healthy home cooking. This is a theoretical-conceptual study consisting of three phases: conceptual elaboration, expert panel consultation, and content validity of the CMCA developed in this study. A comprehensive literature review worked as the theoretical and conceptual basis, featuring Amartya Sen's human capability approach. A total of 28 experts issued their opinions in listening workshops and interviews. Cooking autonomy was defined as the capacity to think, to decide, and to act to prepare meals from scratch, influenced by interpersonal relations, environment, cultural values, access to opportunities, and guarantee of rights. The CMCA has six levels, differing according to the degree of participation of an individual. We also present two charts with examples of the agent's practices and actions that can be developed by the State in the public policy sphere. As a pioneering model in the international literature, the CMCA provides the conceptual basis for the development of studies and interventions on cooking autonomy, focusing not only on individual skills, but also on the role of public policies for healthy home cooking.

El empoderamiento de cocinar en el hogar se ha tratado recientemente en la literatura como una cuestión dentro del ámbito de las habilidades para cocinar y la capacidad para superar obstáculos sociales, físicos, y económicos. No obstante, hasta ahora ningún estudio ha relacionado el papel del Estado para esta importante práctica de promoción de la salud en el hogar, denominada cocina sana. Nuestro objetivo ha sido elaborar el concepto y desarrollar un modelo conceptual multinivel de autonomía culinaria (MCAC), con el fin de relacionar el papel del estado para la cocina sana en el hogar. Se trata de un estudio teórico-conceptual consistente en tres fases: elaboración conceptual, consulta de panel de expertos, y validez del contenido del MCAC desarrollado en este ejercicio. La revisión general de la literatura sirvió como base teórica y conceptual, destacando el enfoque basado en las capacidades de Amartya Sen. Un total de 28 expertos proporcionaron sus opiniones escuchando talleres y entrevistas. La autonomía culinaria se definió como la capacidad para pensar, decidir, y actuar para preparar comidas desde cero, influenciada por las relaciones interpersonales, el ambiente, valores culturales, acceso a oportunidades, y garantía de derechos. El MCAC cuenta con seis niveles, diferenciados según el grado de participación individual del agente. También presentamos dos tablas con ejemplos de las prácticas y acciones de los agentes que se pueden desarrollar por parte del Estado en la esfera de políticas públicas. Como modelo pionero en la literatura mundial, el MCAC proporciona la base conceptual para el desarrollo de estudios e intervenciones en la autonomía culinaria, centrándose no solo en las habilidades individuales, sino también en el papel de las políticas públicas para la cocina sana en el hogar.

O empoderamento na culinária doméstica tem sido tratado recentemente, na literatura específica sobre o tema, como uma questão de domínio de habilidades culinárias e de capacidade em superar obstáculos sociais, físicos e econômicos. Ainda não há, contudo, estudos que relacionem o papel do Estado a essa importante prática promotora de saúde em casa, que é o cozinhar saudável. Desse modo, este trabalho adotou como objetivos elaborar o conceito e desenvolver o modelo conceitual multinível de autonomia culinária (MCAC), a fim de relacionar o papel do Estado à prática da culinária saudável em casa. Trata-se de um estudo teórico-conceitual dividido em três fases: elaboração conceitual, consulta a painel de especialistas e validação de conteúdo do MCAC desenvolvido neste trabalho. Ampla revisão bibliográfica serviu de base teórica e conceitual, com destaque para a abordagem das capacidades humanas de Amartya Sen. No total, 28 especialistas opinaram em oficinas de escuta e em entrevistas. A autonomia culinária foi definida como a capacidade de pensar, decidir e agir para preparar refeições em casa, usando majoritariamente alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, sob a influência das relações interpessoais, do meio ambiente, dos valores culturais, do acesso a oportunidades e da garantia de direitos. O MCAC possui seis níveis, que diferem entre si quanto ao grau de participação do agente. Além do MCAC, são apresentados dois quadros que fornecem exemplos de práticas do agente e de ações que podem ser desenvolvidas no âmbito de políticas públicas pelo Estado. Pioneiro na literatura mundial, o MCAC apresentado fornece as bases conceituais para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e intervenções sobre o assunto, não apenas focando nas habilidades individuais, mas também no papel das políticas públicas.

Mulheres Comem, Mães Cozinham: uma aproximação da construção da maternidade e das práticas culinárias domésticas na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira / Women eat, Mothers cook: motherhood and cooking practices in Western Brazilian Amazon

Resumo Este artigo objetiva descrever e discutir as maneiras como a maternidade é praticada e representada nas práticas culinárias domésticas das mulheres na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Desenvolvemos um estudo qualitativo descritivo, conduzimos entrevistas em profundidade com 16 mulheres que eram mães e que cozinhavam em domicílio. Os dados foram analisados identificando as unidades de significância regulares, expressivas e significativas coletadas por meio das entrevistas. Essas mulheres, quando não tinham filhos, realizavam práticas culinárias atendendo suas demandas pessoais e horários do trabalho extradomiciliar. A partir da gestação, porém mais marcadamente após o parto, as mulheres modificam suas práticas culinárias se apropriando das ideias hegemônicas pré-construídas do que é ser uma mãe, desenvolvendo atividades culinárias mais rotineiras, não discricionárias, focadas no cuidado dos membros da família e com maior investimento de tempo e esforço. Estas mudanças reforçam a concepção de que a relação mãe e criança deve estar orientada para uma maternidade intensiva.

Abstract This paper describes and discusses how motherhood is practiced and represented in women's domestic cooking practices in Western Brazilian Amazon. A descriptive and qualitative study was conducted with 16 women cooks using in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed by identifying the regular, expressive and significant units of significance. These women, when childless, cooked to meet their individual needs and out-of-home work schedules. During pregnancy, but specially after birth, women modify their cooking practices, appropriating the preconceived hegemonic ideas on what it means to be a mother, focused on homemaking and greater investment of time and effort. Such changes reinforce the belief that mother-child relations should involve intensive motherhood.

Instrument for measuring home cooking skills in primary health care / Instrumento para mensurar habilidades culinárias domésticas na atenção primária à saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an instrument for measuring the home cooking skills of health professionals involved with guidelines for promoting adequate and healthy food in primary health care. METHODS This is a methodological study with a psychometric approach, carried out in the city of São Paulo between January and November 2020, to develop and validate a self-applied online instrument. The data of the 472 participants were presented by descriptive statistics. Content validation was performed by expert judgment using the two round Delphi technique and empirical statistics for consensus evidence. Exploratory factor analysis was used for construct validation and reliability analysis, and the model adjustment rates and composite reliability were analyzed. RESULTS The instrument presented satisfactory content validity for CVRc indices and �� in the two rounds of the Delphi technique. After the factor analysis, the final model of the Primary Health Care Home Cooking Skills Scale presented 29 items with adequate factorial loads (> 0.3). Bartlett's and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin's (KMO) tests of sphericity performed in exploratory factorial analysis suggested interpretability in the correlation matrix, the parallel analysis indicated four domains and explained variance of 64.1%. The composite reliability of the factors was adequate (> 0.70) and the H-index suggested replicable factors in future studies. All adjustment rates proved to be adequate. CONCLUSIONS The Primary Health Care Home Cooking Skills Scale presented evidence of validity and reliability. It is short and easy to apply and will make it possible to reliably ascertain the need for qualification of the workforce, favoring the planning of actions and public policies of promotion of adequate and healthy food in primary health care.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Desenvolver e validar instrumento para mensuração de habilidades culinárias domésticas de profissionais de saúde envolvidos com orientações de promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável da atenção primária à saúde. MÉTODOS Estudo metodológico com abordagem psicométrica, realizado no município de São Paulo entre janeiro e novembro de 2020, para desenvolvimento e validação de instrumento on-line autoaplicável. Os dados dos 472 participantes foram apresentados por estatística descritiva. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada por julgamento de especialistas utilizando técnica Delphi de dois rounds e estatísticas empíricas para evidência de consenso. Empregou-se análise fatorial exploratória para validação de constructo e análise de confiabilidade, analisados índices de ajuste do modelo e fidedignidade composta. RESULTADOS O instrumento apresentou validade de conteúdo satisfatória para índices de CVRc e �� nos dois rounds da técnica Delphi. Após análise fatorial, o modelo final da Escala de Habilidades Culinárias Domésticas da Atenção Primária à Saúde apresentou 29 itens com cargas fatoriais adequadas (> 0,3). Os testes de esfericidade de Bartlett e Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) realizados em análise fatorial exploratória sugeriram interpretabilidade na matriz de correlação, a análise paralela indicou quatro domínios e variância explicada de 64,1%. A fidedignidade composta dos fatores foi adequada (> 0,70) e o índice H sugeriu fatores replicáveis em estudos futuros. Todos os índices de ajustes mostraram-se adequados. CONCLUSÕES A Escala de Habilidades Culinárias Domésticas da Atenção Primária à Saúde apresentou evidências de validade e confiabilidade. É curta e de fácil aplicação e possibilitará a averiguação de forma fidedigna da necessidade de qualificação da força de trabalho, favorecendo o planejamento de ações e políticas públicas de promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável na atenção primária à saúde.

An Unusual Presentation Of Erythema Ab Igne And The Role Of Occupational History In Unveiling It - A Case Report

Erythema ab igne is a characteristic reticular telangiectatic and pigmented dermatosis, resulting from repeated or prolonged exposure to heat or infrared radiation insufficient to cause burns. Occupational history has played a pivotal role in dermatological diagnosis, and its importance cannot be overstated. It could lead to the provisional or final diagnosis in many instances.Over the course of time, the site and cause of erythema ab igne has evolved. From commonly being found on knees shins and palms due to tapnas (a practice in Indian villages to sit in front of fire); the disease is now observed on other sites such as on thighs and trunk after the discovery of heating pads and laptops.In thisparticular case, a 26-year-old male presented with erythematous to light brown patches on his right arm. The site of presentation was quite unusual, thus making occupational history the key to diagnosis.

Muito além dos nutrientes: experiências e conexões com crianças autistas a partir do cozinhar e comer juntos / Far beyond nutrients: experiences and connections with autistic children based on cooking and sharing meals / Mucho más allá de los nutrientes: experiencias y conexiones con niños autistas a partir de cocinar y comer juntos

Este estudo indagou como ampliar a análise da alimentação de crianças autistas, considerada inadequada pela seletividade alimentar ou pela dificuldade de interação nos momentos das refeições, atribuídas a alterações no processamento sensorial e a dificuldades sociais, comunicativas e cognitivas descritas no transtorno. A partir da perspectiva etnográfica, foi realizada observação participante, com registro em diários de campo, de oficinas culinárias com crianças/adolescentes autistas com vistas a analisar as relações que as crianças estabelecem com o alimento e os utensílios, com o espaço físico, entre elas e com adultos. Os registros foram analisados a partir da noção de experiência de Bondía e da Teoria Ator-Rede. Os dados produzidos mostraram singularidades na realização das tarefas de cozinhar e na aceitação das receitas. Algumas crianças não comeram os alimentos, mas cheiraram, lamberam e manipularam os ingredientes em momentos de experimentação, a partir da mediação dos profissionais, facilitadora da conexão das crianças com a comida e o comer. As interações estabelecidas com alimentos e utensílios apontam para a importância da comida e do cozinhar como mediadores da conexão das crianças com seus pares, com os adultos e com o mundo. Essa experiência rompeu com a valorização homogeneizadora das dificuldades de interação das crianças autistas e reforçou a comensalidade como ferramenta de construção de redes de cuidado. Pensar a alimentação dessas crianças em uma perspectiva ampliada é valorizar a subjetividade, a relação com o alimento e a interação entre pessoas nos momentos das refeições para além da compreensão biológica restrita aos nutrientes.

This study examined ways to expand the analysis of diet in autistic children, widely considered inadequate according to food selectivity and/or difficulty interacting at mealtimes, attributed to alterations in sensorial processing and social, communicative, and cognitive difficulties. From an ethnographic perspective, a participant observational study was performed with field diary records and cooking workshops with autistic children and adolescents, aimed at analyzing the relations established by the children with the food and utensils, physical space, and between each other and the adults. The records were analyzed based on Bondía's notion of experience and Actor-Network Theory. The resulting data showed singularities in performing cooking tasks and accepting recipes. Some children did not eat the foods, but smelled, licked, and handled the ingredients in moments of experimentation through mediation by the educators, facilitating connection by the children with food and eating. The interactions established with foods and utensils highlight the importance of food and eating as mediators of the connection between autistic children and their peers, with adults, and with the world. This experience broke with the homogenizing value assigned to autistic children's difficulties with interaction and reinforced commensality as a tool for building networks of care. To conceive eating for these children from an expanded perspective means to value subjectivity, the relationship to food, and interaction with others at mealtimes, far beyond the biological understanding of the nutrients.

Este estudio indagó como ampliar el análisis de la alimentación de niños autistas, considerada inadecuada por la selectividad alimentaria o por la dificultad de interacción en los momentos de las comidas, atribuidas a alteraciones en el procesamiento sensorial y dificultades sociales, comunicativas y cognitivas descritas en el trastorno. A partir de la perspectiva etnográfica, se realizó una observación participante, con registro en diarios de campo, de talleres culinarios con niños/adolescentes autistas, con el fin de analizar las relaciones que los niños establecen con el alimento y utensilios, con el espacio físico, entre ellos y con adultos. Los registros fueron analizados a partir de la noción de experiencia de Bondía y de la Teoría Actor Red. Los datos producidos mostraron singularidades en la realización de las tareas de cocinar y en la aceptación de las recetas. Algunos niños no comieron los alimentos, pero los olieron, lamieron y manipularon los ingredientes, en momentos de esta experiencia, a partir de la mediación de los educadores, facilitadora de la conexión de los niños con la comida y el comer. Las interacciones establecidas con alimentos y utensilios apuntan a la importancia de la comida y del cocinar como mediadores de la conexión de los niños con sus compañeros, con adultos, así como con el mundo. Esta experiencia rompió con la valoración homogeneizadora de las dificultades de interacción de los niños autistas y reforzó la comensalía como herramienta de construcción de redes de cuidado. Pensar la alimentación de estos niños desde una perspectiva ampliada es valorar la subjetividad, la relación con el alimento, la interacción entre personas en los momentos de las comidas, para ir más allá de la comprensión biológica restringida a los nutrientes.

Cooking habits and food choices of individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus during the pandemic of COVID-19 / Hábito de cozinhar e escolhas alimentares de indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the association between cooking habits, socioeconomic data, and food choices of individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus during the pandemic of COVID-19. Methods Transversal study with individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus carried out in July 2020. Socioeconomic data and information about social distancing and food practices were collected with an online form. The research was approved by the university's Ethics and Research Committee (Process number 4.147.663). Results Out of the 472 participants, 50.9% reported that they have been cooking more during the pandemic. An association between cooking more and having a university degree (p<0.000) was observed. Not being able to comply with social distancing rules because of work necessities was associated with not cooking (p=0.006). Cooking more during the quarantine was associated with eating less than five meals per day (p=0.04), having an appropriate consumption of fruits (p=0.02) and vegetables (p=0.04), and increased water intake (p=0.01). Conclusion In Brazil, the habit of cooking during the pandemic may represent an increase in domestic work, reinforced by social inequalities. Therefore, comprehending the cooking habits and food choices of people with diabetes may widen the perspectives of health professionals involved in the treatment of the disease and contribute to the elaboration of public policies that take the country's inequalities into account. We emphasize the importance of investing in policies that encourage the development of culinary skills, as well as the habit of cooking as part of the actions of Food and Nutrition Education.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar associação entre o hábito de cozinhar, dados socioeconômicos e escolhas alimentares de indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método Estudo transversal realizado com indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 durante julho de 2020. A partir de um formulário on-line foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, informações sobre o distanciamento social e práticas alimentares durante a quarentena. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (parecer 4.147.663). Resultados Dos 472 participantes, 50,9% relataram estar cozinhando mais durante a quarentena. Observou-se uma associação entre cozinhar mais e ter ensino superior (p<0,000). Não estar realizando distanciamento social porque precisava trabalhar esteve associado a não cozinhar (p=0,006). Quanto à alimentação, cozinhar mais durante a quarentena estava associado a consumir menos de cinco refeições ao dia (p=0,04), ter consumo adequado de frutas (p=0,02) e hortaliças (p=0,04) e ter aumentado a ingestão de água (p=0,01). Conclusão No Brasil, o hábito de cozinhar durante a pandemia pode representar um aumento do trabalho doméstico, ocasionado pelas desigualdades sociais. Portanto, compreender esse hábito e as escolhas alimentares de pessoas com diabetes, pode ampliar a visão dos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no tratamento e contribuir com a elaboração de políticas públicas que levem em consideração as desigualdades do país. Ressaltamos a importância do investimento em políticas que estimulem o desenvolvimento das habilidades culinárias, bem como do hábito de cozinhar no âmbito das ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional.

Percepções de indivíduos sobre o ato de cozinhar no ambiente doméstico: revisão integrativa de estudos qualitativos / Perceptions about home cooking: an integrative review of qualitative studies

Resumo O objetivo da presente revisão integrativa foi identificar estudos qualitativos que abordam a percepção de indivíduos sobre o ato de cozinhar no ambiente doméstico. Realizou-se busca sistemática em português e inglês nas bases de dados Scopus e SciELO, sem limite de data e idioma. Foram identificados e selecionados 26 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2004 e 2017 que exploraram como objetivo principal, ou como resultado secundário, perspectivas de indivíduos sobre o ato de cozinhar. Mais da metade foi realizada em países de língua inglesa. Os estudos foram conduzidos com homens e mulheres, adultos e idosos, residentes em área rural e urbana de países orientais e ocidentais, desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Análise temática dos estudos revelou que os indivíduos planejam e executam o ato de cozinhar de formas variadas e que cozinhar também é entendido de forma ampla e diversa. As motivações para cozinhar envolveram questões cognitivas, práticas, afetivas e emocionais. Diferentes influências foram identificadas. A presença (ou ausência) de modelo familiar, morar sozinho, ter ou não confiança e habilidade para cozinhar aparecem como facilitadores e barreiras. O reconhecimento da heterogeneidade dos fatores que influenciam o ato de cozinhar podem informar a criação e o desenvolvimento de orientações e intervenções com a finalidade de estimulá-lo.

Abstract This study aimed to review qualitative studies on perceptions of home cooking. A systematic search was conducted in Scopus and SciELO databases using English and Portuguese terms related to home cooking, without date or language restrictions. Twenty-six articles, published between 2004 and 2017, investigated, whether as a primary objective or as a secondary finding, the perceptions of individuals on home cooking. More than half of the studies were conducted in English-speaking countries. Study participants included women and men, adults and seniors as well as residents of urban and rural areas, Eastern and Western countries, and developing and developed nations. Thematic analysis showed that home cooking has different interpretations and meanings in diverse contexts and revealed differences in how individuals plan and cook their meals at home. Cognitive, practical, affective, and emotional factors are the major motivators to home meal preparation. Having a cooking role model in the family, cooking confidence and skills, and living alone were reported as facilitators of home cooking. A better understanding of the heterogeneity of perceptions and meanings of home cooking can contribute to the development of effective and culturally appropriate interventions for stimulating healthy cooking habits.